UNIT 6
CONVERSATION IN GROUP
DISCUSS ONE. OF THE NUMBERS!
1. Tell about yourself or somebody or some person you know well. Describe both appearance and personality.
2. Tell your unforgettable experience
3. Discuss about "insane people"
4. Tell about yourself or somebody or some persons you know well. Describe both appearance and personality.
5. Tell your group members whether you ever get it what you always do and how you always try to cure it. if you don't please inform your group members the best way to avoid depression .
6. One of you pretends to be a psychiatrist and the other one is someone who wants to commit suicide .Then make a dialogue.
7. Tell your group members about someone you are proud of.
8. Tell your group members about your own comment oil.
9. Act out conversation in a psychologist's room in which lie and his client discuss how the client solves his psychological maltreatment.
10. Choose a situation in your own life where you enough knowledge to give some advice (for example, you may be able to give a good advice on how to face life).
ADVICE COLUMN
IN GROUP, ACT AS IF A TEAM OF PSYCHOLOGIST. ONE Of THE MEMBERS ACTS AS IF TI CLIENT, FOR ONE OF THE CASES!
1. I am twenty and engaged. I love my fiancé very much. The problem is his father. I le is only forty, his wife is dead .He says lie is in love with me and that he will kill himself unless I marry him. The situation is impossible. Flow can I marry my fiance's father?
Unfortunately, I think I am in love with him as much as with his son. I want to tell my fiance all about this, but if I do, fie will be hurt and angry .Whatever I db, it seems fill hurt either him or his father .What would you do if you were me?
2. I love my boy friend, but there's a problem .1 le seems to love his mother more than me.
Whenever we go out, he takes her along, whenever we go, she goes, too.
Whenever we do, she does as well. I wouldn't put up with this for a moment if I didn't love him so much.
We're going to get married soon .I'm afraid that when we do, his mother will come to live with us .What call I do?
3. Tell several things you would say ill cacti of the following situations. Use the expression "If were you" to give advice.
SITUATION A
A friend of yours is planning to drive Boole from a party and asks you to come a long .You know that he has already had several drinks and is about to have another.
SITUATION B
Another friends tells you that lie is going to buy a used car from a car dealer who advertises oil television .You know that ads are lies because last year you bought a car from the same dealer.
SITUATION C
Another one of your friends, who has always been a very serious student, announces that fie is going to quit school.
1. Give a short talk about the birthday celebration you would have if you had the time and money to celebrate your next birthday ill whatever way you wanted .Where would celebrate?
How many friends would you invite? What kind of food and drink would you serve? Whit kind of entertainment would you have? What gift would you like to receive? Since the party is imaginary, there are no restrictions you could, for example, hire a private plane and bring friends from all over the world.
UNIT 12
NOUN CLAUSES
7-1 NOUN CLAUSES: INTODUCTION
| A noun is used or an object. A noun clause is used as subject or an object. In the words, a noun clause is used in the same ways as noun. | |
| a) History was interesting b) What lie said was interesting. | In (a): story is a noun. It is used as the subject of the sentence. In (b): what he said is a noun clause It is used as the subject of the sentence. "Flit noun clause has its own subject (lie) and verb (said). |
| c) I heard his story. d) I heard what he said | In (c): story is a noun. It is used as the object of the heard. In (d): what lie said is a noun clause. It is used as (lie object of the verb heard. |
| WORDS USED TO INTRODUCE NOUN CLAUSES (1) question words:* (2) weather (3) that When who if Where whom Why what How which whose | |
7-2 NOUN CLAUSES, WHICH BEGIN WHIT A QUESTION WORD
| QUESTION | NOUN CLAUSE | In (a): where she lives is the object |
| Where does she life? | (a ) I don't know where she lives. | of the verb know . |
| | | Do not use |
| What did lie say ? | (b) I couldn't hear what lie said | question word |
| When do they arrive? | (c ) Do you know when they arrive? | order in a noun clause. In a noun clause , tile subject Precedes the verb. |
| | | Notice: does , did, and do are used in questions but not in noun clause. |
| S V | S V | |
| Who lives there? | (d) I don't know who lives there. | In (d): The word order is the same |
| What happened? | (e) Please tell me what happened. | in both the question and the |
| Who is at the door? | I wonder who is at the door. | noun clause because who is the Subject in both. |
| V S | S V | |
| Who is she | (g) I don't know who she is. | In (g): she is the subject of the |
| Who arc those men? | (h) I don't know who those men are. | question, so it is placed in front of |
| Whose house is that? | (I) I wonder whose house that is. | the verb be in the noun clause.* |
| What did she say? | (J) What lie said surprised me. | In 0) : what he said is the subject |
| What should they do? | (k) What they should do is obvious | Of the sentence. |
| | | Notice in (k) :A noun clause subject takes in singular verb (c, g, is). |
Exercise 1: change the question in parentheses to a noun clause.
1. (How old is he?) I don't know____________________________
2. (What lie was talking about?)____________________________interesting.
3. (Where do you live?) please tell me_______________________
4. (What did she say?)____________________________________wasn't true
5. (When are they coming?) Do you know____________________?
6. (l low much does it cost?) I can't remember_________________
7. (\Vhich one does lie want?) Let's ask him __________________
8. (Who is coming to the party?) I don' know _________________
9. (Who are those people?) 1 don't know_____________________
10. (Whose pen is this?) Do you know________________________
11. (Why did they leave the country?), ________________is a secret.
12. (What are we doing in class?) ____________________is easy.
13. (Where did she go?)____________________________is none of your business
14. (How many letters are there in tile English alphabet?) I don't remember. __________
15. (Who is the mayor of
16. (How old does a person have to be to get a drive's license?) I need to find out______
Exercise 2 — ORAL (BOOKS CLOSED) : Begin your response with " I
Example : what time is it ?
Response : I don't know what time it is.
1. I . Where does (...) live?
2. What country is (...) from?
3. 1 low long has (...) been living here?
4. What is (...)'s telephone number?
5. Where is the post office?
6. 1 low far is it to (
7. Why is (...) absent?
8. Where is my book?
9. What kind of watch does(...) have ?
10. Why was(...)) absent yesterday?
11. I.Where did go yesterday?
12. What is (...)'s favorite color?
13. Hlow long has ( ... ) been married?
14. Hlow did ( ... ) meet his wife / her husband
15. What is the capital ot(
16. Viliat is the population of (
17. Wliy was(...) late to class?
18. Why are we doing this exercise?
19. What kind of government does (
20. Where is ( ... ) going to cat lunch/dinner?
21. Where does the semester) end ?
22. When does Thanksgiving) vacation start?
23. Where did (...) go after class yesterday?
24. Why is ( ... ) smiling?
25. How many question have I asked in this exercise?
26. Hlow often does(...) go to the library ?
27. Whose book is that?
28. How much did that book cost?
Exercise 3: Choose the latter of the phrase from the list that hest completes cacti sentence. Use each phrase in the list only once.
A. affordable health care
B. by leaders who ire committed to public service and hard work
C. efficiently
D. excellence in
E. in agriculture
F. integrity
G. provide quality education
H. to reduce health care costs responsible
J. seeking practical solutions,
K. tolerant of those who are weak
L. who finds a way to get the important jobs done
1. M.R. Turner has had wide experience. lie has worked in business. In the news media. And__________
2. Judge Hollies served the people of this country with impartiality. Ability and
3. The people want safe homes, good schools and______________________
4. As a taxpayer, I' want my money used wisely and _____________
5. Mr. Adams is respected for researching issue, and ____________
6. Ms. Hunter has established a record of effective and___________________ leadership in government
7. The challenges that .face us today will not be met by politicians who
focus on partisan bickering and political expediency but____________
8. Resolve to be tender with the young, compassionate with. The aged, understanding of those who are wrong, and_. Sometime in life , you will have been all of these
9. Carol is a hard — working personnel manager who welcomes challenges and____
10. I will continue to fight for adequate Rending of and _________ education
11. She has worked hard to control excess government spending , protect our environment, and ____________
12. 1 see the need to eliminate unfair taxes, to improve the business climate, and _____
8-2 USING PAIRED CONJUCTIONS:
BOTH.... AND; NOT ONLY.................... BUT ALSO; ETHER….OR;NEITHER…..NOR*
| a) my sister is here both my mother and my sister are here b) Not only my mother but also my sister in here c) Not only sister but also my parents arc here d) Neither in), mother nor my sister is here e) Neither my sister nor my parents are here | Two subject connected by both... and take a plural verb. - When two subjects are connected by not only , but also, either ....or ,or neither ....nor, the subject that is closer to the verb determine whether the verb is singular or plural |
| f) The research project will take both time and money. g) Yesterday it not only rained but (also) snowed h) I'll take either chemistry or physics next quarter i) That book is neither interesting nor accurate | Notice (fie parallel structure in (lie example. The same grammatical from should follow each word of the pair. In (0: book -i and + noun In (g) : not only + verb+ but also+ verb In (h): either 4- noun 4- or 4 noun In (I ): neither -1 adjective 4-nori- adjective |
Exercise 4: Supply is or are in the following.
1. Both the teacher and student ___________ here
2. Neither the teacher nor the student __________ here
3. Not only the teacher but also the student __________ here
4. Not only the teacher but also the students ___________ here
5. Either the teacher or the students_______________________ planning to come
Exercise 5- ERROR ANALYSIS: What is wrong with the following sentence?
1. Either John will call Mary or Bob.
2. Not only Sue saw the mouse but also the cat
3. Both my mother talked to the teacher and my father
Exercise 6 –ORAI, : Answer the questions. Used paired conjunctions. Use both.....and.
1. You have met his father. I lave you meet his mother? -- Yes, I have met both his father and his mother.
2. The drive was injured in the accident. Was the passenger injured in the accident?
3. Wheat is grow in
4. He busy used cars. Does he sell used cars?
5. You had lunch with your friends. Did you dinner with them?
6. The city suffers from• air pollution. Does it suffer froth pollution? Use riot only but also.
7. I know you arc studying math. Are you studying chemistry too? -- Yes, I'm studying not only math but also chemistry.
8. S. I know his cousin is living with him. Is his mother –in- law- living with him too?
9. I know your country has good Universities. Does the
10. Know you lost your wallet. Did you lose your keys too?
11. I know she goes to school. Does she have full- time job too?
12. I know lie bought a coat. Did he buy a new pair of shoes too? Use either.....or
13. John has your book, or Mary has your book. Is that right? -- Yes, either John or Mary has my book.
14. You're going to give your friend a book for her birthday, or you're going to give her a pen. Is that right?
15. Your sister will meet you at the airport, or your brother will meet you there. Right?
16. They can go swimming, or they can play tennis. Is that right?
17. You're going to vote for Mr. Smith, or you're going to vote for Mr. Jones. Right?
18. You'll go to
19. He doesn't like coffee. Does lie like tea? - No, lie like's neither coffee nor tea
20. Her husband doesn't speak English. Do her children speak English?
21. The students aren't wide-awake today. Is the teacher wide awake today?
22. They don't have a refrigerator for their new apartment. Do they have a stove?
23. She doesn't enjoy hunting. Does she enjoy fishing?
24. The result wasn't good. Was the result bad'?
Exercise 7: Combine the following into sentences that contain parallel structure. Use appropriate paired conjunctions: both... and; not only..... but also; either....or; neither nor.
1. He does riot have a pen. I le does not have paper. - lie has neither a pen nor paper
2. Ron enjoys horseback riding. Bob enjoys horseback ridding.
3. You can have tea, or you can have coffee
4. Arthur is riot in class today. Ricardo is not class today.
5. Arthur is absent. Ricardo is absent
6. We can fix dinner for them here, or we can take them to a restaurant.
7. She wants to buy a Chevrolet, or she wants to buy a
8. The leopard faces extinction The tiger faces extinction
9. The library does not have the book I need. The bookstore does not have the book I need.
10. We could fly, or we could take the train
11. The president's assistant will not confirm the story. The president's assistant will riot deny the story.
12. Coal is in irreplaceable natural resource. Oil is an irreplaceable natural resource.
13. Small pox is a dangerous disease. Malaria is a dangerous disease.
14. Her roomers don't know where she is . Her brother doesn't know where she is.
15. According to the news report, it will show tonight, or it will rain tonight
16. Sonic people collect butterflies for a hobby these collectors capture them with a net and put them in ajar that has poison in the dead butterflies are then mounted on a broad.
17. The sight of a butterfly floating front flower to flower on a warm sunny day brightens anyone's heart a butterfly is a charming; and gentle creature.
18. When cold weather comes some butterflies travels great distances to reach tropical climates.
19. Butterflies are admired throughout the world because they are beautiful they can found on every continent except
8-4 ADVERB CLAUSES: INTRODUCTION
| a) When we were in b) We saw several plays when we are in | When we are in Punctuation: When an adverb clause precedes an independent clause , as in (a) , a comma is used to separate the clauses. When the adverb clause follow , as in (b) . usually no comma used. |
| c) Because he was sleepy , lie went to bed d) I le went to bed because he was sleepy. | Like when , because introduces an adverb clause. Because he was sleepy is an adverb clause. |
| SUMMARY LIST OF WORDS USED TO INTRODUCE ADVERB CLAUSES* TIME CAUSE AND EFFECT OPPOSITION CONDITION AFTER BECAUSE EVEN TOUGH IF BEFORE SINCE ALTHOUGH UNLESS WHEN NOW T1 IA'r THOUGH ONLY 11' W1 [ILE AS WEATIIFR BY 1-1 IF TIME ( THAT) AS /SO LONG AS EVEN 11; SINCE IN AS MUCH AS WHEREAS PROVIDING(THAT) UNTIL WHILE PROVIDED AS SOON AS - SO ( -1-1 1AT) ONCE IN OTHERT1 IAT INTI II; EVI--N'I'( AS SO LONG AS WI IENEVER EVERY TIME( THAT) THE FIRST TIME(TIIAT) THE LAST TIME (THAT) Tim NEXT TIME(THAT) | |
8-5 USING ADVERB CLAUSES TO SHOW TIME RF LATIONSI IIPS
| after | After the graduates, she will get a job | A present tense, not a future tense is used in a verb clause of time. Notice examples (b) and (d). (See chart 1.21 for tense usage in future time clauses) | ||||
| before | (c ) I will leave before fie comes. | | ||||
| | (d) I (had) left before | | ||||
| | Ile comes. | | ||||
| when | (e) When I arrived, he | When- at that time | ||||
| | was talking on the | ( Notice the different | ||||
| | phone. | time relationship expressed by the tense | ||||
| | (f) When I got there, he had already left. | | ||||
| | (g) When it began to, | | ||||
| | I stood under a tree. | | ||||
| | (H) When I was ill | | ||||
| | museums. | | ||||
| | (i) When I see him tomorrow, I will ask him. | | ||||
| While | (j) While I was talking | While ,as – during that | ||||
| | home, it began to rain | time | ||||
| | (k) As I was walking | | ||||
| as | home, it began to rain | | ||||
| By the time | (l) By the time he | By the time- one event | ||||
| | arrived, we had already | is completed before | ||||
| | left. | another event | ||||
| | (m) By (lie time lie | (Notice the use of the | ||||
| | comes, we will already | past perfect and future | ||||
| | have left. | perfect in the main clause.) | ||||
| since | (n) I haven't seen him | Since- front that time in | ||||
| | since lie left this morning | the present | ||||
| | | (Notice: The present perfect tense is used in the main clause. | ||||
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| Until | (o) We stayed there | Until, till- to that time |
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| | until we finished our | and then no longer (Till |
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| | work | is used primarily in |
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| | | Speaking rather than |
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| till | (p) We stayed there till we finished our work | writing) |
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| As soon as | (q) As soon as it stops | As soon as, once- when |
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| | raining ,we will leave | one event happens, |
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| once | | another event happens |
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| | ( r) Once it stops raining ,we will leave | soon afterwards |
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| As long as | (s) I will never speak to | As long as, so long as‑ |
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| | him again as long as I | during all the time , |
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| | live | from beginning to end |
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| So long as | (t) I will never speak to him again so long as I live. | |
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| Whenever | (u) Whenever I see her, I say hello | Whenever- every time |
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| | (v) Every time I see her | |
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| Every time | J say hello | |
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| ,'File first time | (w) The first time I | Adverb clauses call be |
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| | went to | introduced by the |
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| | went to all opera | following: |
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| 'File last time | (x) I saw two plays the last time I went to New | | First, second | |
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| | | the | third | time |
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| The next time | (y) The next time I go to going to see a ballet. | | last | |
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Exercise 8: Complete the following. Pay special attention to verbs tenses
1. Last night I went to bed after I________________________ my homework
2. Tonight I will go to bed after I________________________ my homework
3. Ever since I was a child , I___________________________ afraid of dogs
4. Jane's contact lens popped out while she____________________________ basketball.
5. Be sure to reread your composition for errors before you it in to the teacher tomorrow '
6. By the time I left my apartment this morning the mail carrier the mail
7. I have know Jim Bates since lie ______________________________ ten years old
8. A black cat ran across the road as I_________________________________________ _ 111V car to work this morning
9. By the time I leave this city, I______________________________ here for four months
10. Whenever Mark____________________________ angry, his nose gets red.
11. I _______________________________________ to the beach whenever the weather was nice, but now I don't have time to do that because I have to study.
12. We will have a big party when__________________
13. The next time I_____________________________ ____ to
14. I had fried chicken the last time I________________ at that restaurant.
8-9 SUMMARY OF PATTERNS AND PUNCTUATION
| ADVERB CLAUSE | (a ) Because it was , we went swimming, (b)We went swimming because it was hot | An adverb clause may precede or follow an independent clause Punctuation: A comma is used if the adverb clause comes first | ||
| PREPOSITION | (C ) Because of the hot weather, we went swimming (d) We went swimming because of the hot | A preposition is followed by a noun object, not by a subject and verb Punctuation :A comma | ||
| | weather | is usually used if the preposition phrase the subject all verb of independent clause | ||
| TRANSITION | (e) It was hot. | A transition is used | ||
| Therefore, we went | with the second | |||
| Swimming. | sentence of a pair. | |||
| | Show.,, the relationship | |||
| (f) It was hot. We | of the second idea to | |||
| , therefore, went | the first idea. A | |||
| swimming | transition is movable within the second | |||
| (g) It was hot. We went swimming, Therefore. | sentence. Punctuation: A period is used to separate (lie clause. ' A comma | |||
| | May NOT be use(] to separate the clauses. | |||
| | Commas arc usually used to set transition off from the rest of the sentence | |||
| CONJUCTION | (h) It was hot, so we | A conjunction comes | ||
| | went swimming | between two independent clauses. | ||
| | | Punctuation : usually a comma is used immediately in front of a conjunction | ||
Exercise 9: Using the given words, combine the following two ideas We postponed our trip. The weather was bad
1. because – We postponed our trip because the weather was bad Because the weather was bad , we postponed our trip
2. Therefore
3. since
4. so
5. because of
6. consequently
7. due to ( the fact that)
Exercise 10: Using the given words, combine the following two ideas , She missed class. She was ill
1. because of
2. because
3. consequently
4. so
5. due to ( the fact that)
6. therefore
8-10 OTHER WAYS OF EXPRESSING CAUSE AND EFFECT: SUCH THAT AND SO..... THAT
| (a) (b) | Because the weather was nice, we went to the zoo. It was such nice weather that we went to the zoo | Examples (a) , (b ) .and (c) have the same meaning. |
| | | |
| (c) | The weather was so nice that we went to zoo. | |
| (d) | It was such good coffee that I had another cup | Such .....that encloses a modified , noun: |
| (e) | It was such a foggy day that | noun: |
| | we couldn't see | |
| | the road | Such + adjective +noun+ that |
| (f)The coffee is so hot that I can't drink it (g)I'm so hungry that I could cat a horse | So........... That encloses an adjective | |
| or adverb; | ||
| | ||
| Adjective so + { or } +that Adverb | ||
| (h) | She speak so fast that I can't | little So......... That is used with |
| | understand her | many, few, much, and. |
| (i) | Fie walked so quickly that couldn't keep up with him | |
| 0) | She made so many mistakes | little So......... That is used with |
| | That she failed the exam | many, few, much, and little |
| (k) | lie has so few friends that lie is always lonely | |
| (1) | She has so much money that She call buy whatever she wants | |
| (m) | Ile had so little trouble with The test that lie left twenty minutes early. | |
| (n) | It was such a good book ( that) couldn't put it down | Sometimes, primarily in speaking, that is omitted |
| (o) | I was so hungry (that) I didn't wait for dinner to cat something. | |
Exercise 11 : Combine the following sentences by using so................. (fiat or
such.....that.
1. This tea is good .I think I'll have another cup. This tea is so good that I think I'll have another cup
2. This is good tea. I think I'll have another cup. -- This is such good tea that I think I'll have another cup.
3. The car was expensive. We couldn't afford to buy it.
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